ECONOMY
Industry:
Light industry, especially for the production of consumer goods, was more advanced in Croatia than in the other republics of the former Yugoslav SFR.
Croatia's main manufacturing industries include chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal products, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum processing, paper and wood products (including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, and food processing and beverages.
The collapse of Yugoslavia and the hostilities following Croatia's declaration of independence in 1991 damaged industrial production. Manufacturing employed about 335,000 people in 1995. The textile and clothing industry accounted for about 11% of total industrial output in 1995; the food industry, 17%.
There is a need for reconstruction of basic infrastructure and housing, which should provide increased activity in the construction sector. The government is pursuing privatization of state-owned enterprises; INA, the national oil and gas company, was due to be sold in 2002.
Agriculture:
An estimated 1,442,000 ha (3,563,000 acres), or 25.8% of total land, was arable in 1998. About 9.1% of the economically active population was engaged in agriculture in 1999, when it accounted for about 9% of GDP.
The civil war reduced agricultural output in the years immediately following the breakup of the Yugoslav SFR. As stability returns, however, production of some crops show signs of recovery, as evidenced by the following summary of 1999 major crops harvested (in thousands of tons): wheat, 558; corn, 2,135; sugar beets, 1,114; grapes, 394; apples, 67; and plums, 38.
Total production of cereals fell from 3,179,000 tons in 1997 to 2,883,000 in 1999. Plums are used in the production of slivovitz, a type of plum brandy.
Research & Development:
The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (founded in 1866 and headquartered in Zagreb) has sections of mathematical sciences and physics, natural sciences, and medical sciences. The country also had, as of 1996, 13 medical, scientific, and technical research institutes.
The Museum of Natural Sciences (founded in 1924) is located in Split and the Croatian Natural History Museum (founded in 1846) and the Technical Museum (founded in 1954) are in Zagreb. The universities of Zagreb (founded in 1669), Osijek (founded in 1975), Rijeka (founded in 1973) and Split (founded in 1974) offer degrees in basic and applied science. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 30% of university enrollment.
In 1987–97, Croatia had 1,916 scientists and engineers and 714 technicians per million people engaged in research and development.